George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron FRS; 22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), simply known as Lord Byron, was an English poet and peer. One of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, Byron is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. He remains widely read and influential. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage; many of his shorter lyrics in Hebrew Melodies also became popular. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years in Venice, Ravenna, and Pisa after he was forced to flee England due to lynching threats. During his stay in Italy, he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in life Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a folk hero. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Sieges of Missolonghi.

Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López (Caracas, 29 de noviembre de 1781 - Santiago, 15 de octubre de 1865) fue un filósofo, poeta, traductor, filólogo, ensayista, educador, político y jurista venezolano de la época pre-republicana de la Capitanía General de Venezuela. Considerado como uno de los humanistas más importantes de América, contribuyó en innumerables campos del conocimiento. De una profunda educación autodidacta, nació en la ciudad de Caracas, en la entonces Capitanía General de Venezuela, donde vivió hasta 1810. Fue maestro del Libertador Simón Bolívar y participó en el proceso que llevaría a la independencia de Venezuela. Como parte del bando revolucionario, integró la primera misión diplomática a Londres conjuntamente con Luis López Méndez y Simón Bolívar, lugar donde residiría por casi veinte años. En 1829 embarca junto a su familia hacia Chile, donde es contratado por su gobierno, desarrollando grandes obras en el campo del derecho y las humanidades. Como reconocimiento a su mérito humanístico, el Congreso Nacional de Chile le otorgó la nacionalidad por gracia en 1832. En Santiago alcanzaría a desempeñar cargos como senador y profesor, además de dirigir diversos periódicos del lugar. En su desempeño como legislador sería el principal impulsor y redactor del Código Civil, una de las obras jurídicas americanas más novedosas e influyentes de su época. Bajo su inspiración y con su decisivo apoyo, en 1842 se crea la Universidad de Chile, institución de la que se convertirá en su primer rector por más de dos décadas. Entre sus principales obras, se cuenta su Gramática del idioma castellano (Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos y los esclavos españoles), los Principios del derecho de gentes, la poesía Silva a la agricultura de la zona tórrida y el Resumen de la Historia de Venezuela Caracas (1781-1810) Él fue el hijo primogénito de don Bartolomé de Bello y Bello, abogado y fiscal (1758-1804) y de doña Ana Antonia López y Delgado. En su Caracas natal, el joven Andrés cursó las primeras letras en la academia de Ramón Vanlonsten. Leyó los clásicos del siglo de oro, y desde muy joven frecuentaba el Convento de Las Mercedes, donde aprende latín de manos del padre Cristóbal de Quesada. A la muerte de éste (1796) Bello traduce el libro V de la Eneida. En 1797 comienza estudios en la Real y Pontificia Universidad de Caracas, graduándose de Bachiller en Artes el 14 de junio de 1800. Ese mismo año, antes de graduarse, recibe en Caracas al naturalista alemán Alexander von Humboldt y a su compañero, Aimé Bonpland, y los acompaña a subir y explorar el Cerro Ávila. En su ciudad natal realiza también estudios inacabados de derecho y medicina, aprende por su propia cuenta inglés y francés, y da clases particulares, contándose el joven Simón Bolívar entre sus alumnos. Sus traducciones y adaptaciones de textos clásicos le proporcionan prestigio, y en 1802 gana por concurso el rango de Oficial Segundo de Secretaría del gobierno colonial. Durante el período entre 1802 y 1810 Bello se convierte en una de las personas intelectualmente más influyentes en la sociedad de Caracas, destacándose al desempeñar labores políticas para la administración colonial, además de ganar notoriedad como poeta, al traducir la tragedia de Voltaire, Zulima. Al llegar la primera imprenta a Caracas en 1808, la gran notoriedad de Bello lo hace el candidato ideal para asumir la dirección de la recién creada Gaceta de Caracas, una de las primeras publicaciones venezolanas. Los sucesos revolucionarios del 19 de abril de 1810 dan inicio a la independencia de Venezuela. En ellos participa el joven Bello, y la Junta enseguida lo nombra Oficial Primero de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. El 10 de junio de ese año, zarpa de las costas de su patria para ejecutar una delicada misión diplomática como representante de la naciente República: es comisionado junto con Simón Bolívar y Luis López Méndez para lograr el apoyo británico a la causa de la independencia. Bello es escogido por sus amplios conocimientos y su dominio de la lengua inglesa, que había adquirido de forma autodidacta. Sale destino a Londres en la corbeta Wellington, que puso a disposición de la Junta Suprema de Caracas el almirante Thomas Cochrane. Londres (1810-1829) La corbeta en la cual viajaba la comisión llegó al puerto de Portsmouth el 10 de julio de 1810, lugar desde el que se dirigieron hacia Londres con el fin de establecer contactos con miembros de las altas esferas británicas. La misión encomendada a Bello, Bolívar y López encuentra graves problemas para desarrollar su labor, puesto que la situación política había cambiado el eje de los intereses ingleses respecto de América. Por un lado, la invasión napoleónica a España había acercado al Reino Unido con su tradicional enemigo, frente al peligro común que consistía Napoleón Bonaparte. Esto significó para el gobierno de Londres tener que ayudar a la causa hispana, otorgándole créditos y ayuda a la Junta Suprema Central que gobernaba en nombre del "cautivo" Fernando VII. Sin perjuicio de aquello, y utilizando un doble discurso, Londres toleraba la propaganda independentista americana en su territorio, en especial la realizada por el también venezolano Francisco de Miranda, al mismo tiempo que le otorgaba a los americanos la calificación de beligerantes. Los intereses británicos con la independencia de las colonias españolas de América no iban más allá. Con esos antecedentes, la delegación venezolana fue recibida por el canciller británico Richard Wellesley, hermano del duque de Wellington, en cinco entrevistas no oficiales realizadas en su domicilio particular. La postura británica fue clara y desde el principio dieron a entender que en esos momentos, el apoyo político a la causa de la independencia era imposible y trataron de desviar las negociaciones hacia acuerdos comerciales más acordes con los intereses británicos, en un intento además de presionar a España para que les dejase comerciar libremente con sus colonias. Otra de las razones para permitir el recibimiento informal de la embajada venezolana, era el de evitar que los mismos tuvieran que recurrir a la ayuda francesa, pese al escaso interés mostrado por Bonaparte por la región. El fracaso de la misión provoca el regreso de Bolívar al Nuevo Mundo, con el fin de sumarse a la guerra que arreciaba entonces en el continente. Bello y López quedan entonces a cargo de la embajada, empezando a vivir diversas penurias económicas ante el cada vez más escaso aporte realizado por el gobierno de la naciente república. En esta época Bello empieza a desenvolverse dentro de la sociedad londinense, trabando una breve pero influyente amistad durante el escaso tiempo que confluyeron en dicha ciudad con Francisco de Miranda. Pese a conocerse desde la época en que ambos residían en Caracas, Miranda, en su rol de líder de la causa independentista americana en Europa, aprovechó los amplios conocimientos de Bello para sumar a distintos actores a la causa. Miranda en aquella época residía bajo el amparo británico en Londres, con el fin de escapar de la constante persecución española, quien lo había convertido en uno de sus principales enemigos. Bolívar, López y Bello fueron recibidos por Miranda en su casa de Grafton Street, a donde concurrieron reiteradamente con el fin de acceder a las esferas de influencia que Miranda había desarrollado. Después de la partida de Bolívar, Bello es acogido por un tiempo en casa de Miranda, en donde es iniciado en la masonería, en una nueva logia llamada Nº 7 de Caballeros Racionales, de la cual fueron sus fundadores Carlos de Alvear, José de San Martín y Matías Zapiola, mientras que López Méndez ejercía de venerable y Bello de secretario. Otro de los personajes que ejercería una amplia influencia sería su amigo José María Blanco White, protegido de Lord Holland. Sería este último bajo instancias de Blanco, quien le proporcionaría cierta estabilidad a Bello al contratarlo como su bibliotecario y profesor particular. Junto con éste se desempeña en el periódico El Español, que no abogaba por una independencia total de España. En tal medio se desempeñó como redactor, y en su calidad de tal tomó contacto con personajes como Francisco Antonio Pinto, futuro presidente de Chile, Antonio José de Irisarri, encargado de negocios de Chile y quien impulsaría su viaje a Santiago, Servando Teresa de Mier, con quien colaboraría en El Español, James Mill, economista y político escocés y padre de John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham, filósofo inglés, padre del utilitarismo, Vicente Salvá, filólogo español, Bartolomé José Gallardo y Antonio Puigblanch, entre otros. Pese a la ayuda recibida por Blanco White, la situación económica de Bello se hace cada vez más precaria. En 1812 manifiesta su intención de regresar a Venezuela, pese a lo cual un gran terremoto que asola Caracas el 26 de marzo de 1812 no permite que su familia pueda ayudarlo, dada la pérdida de buena parte del patrimonio familiar. Para agravar más la situación, la derrota patriota y la caída de la Primera República, significa el fin de todo apoyo económico desde América y el encarcelamiento de su amigo Francisco de Miranda. Ante tales descalabros, Andrés Bello presenta una solicitud de amnistía que tentativamente habían anunciado el gobierno español ante el fracaso momentáneo de la independencia americana. Tal solicitud aparece presentada en la embajada española en Londres, fechada el 31 de junio de 1813, un curioso error en un eficiente y minucioso funcionario público. En una parte de aquella petición Bello expresa: El suplicante puede alegar también en su favor la notoria moderación de sus opiniones y conducta, que aun llegaron a hacerle mirar como desafecto de la causa de la Revolución; y cita en su abono el testimonio de cuantas personas le hayan conocido en Caracas, de las cuales no será difícil se encuentren muchas en Cádiz La petición de Bello no tuvo ningún resultado. Al año siguiente traba relación por medio de El Español con el sacerdote Servando Teresa de Mier, destacado revolucionario mexicano quien publicaría varios textos en defensa de la causa americana. Además se relaciona con Francisco Antonio Pinto, quien en esos momentos se desempeñaba como agregado comercial en la capital británica. Éste le da a conocer a Bello que los patriotas chilenos se han inspirado en el poema épico de La Araucana de Alonso de Ercilla para su causa. Pinto, quien anteriormente se desempeñaba como agente comercial, había sido comisionado por el gobierno de Chile como su agente, primero en Buenos Aires y después en Londres. En este lugar se enfrenta al igual que Bello con la caída del gobierno patriota tras la derrota de Rancagua, que lo sume en una gran pobreza. Pese a encontrarse en una situación similar, Bello ayuda en todo lo posible junto a Manuel de Sarratea al infortunado diplomático. Así traban los dos una profunda amistad, siendo Pinto uno de los escasos miembros de su círculo cercano. De regreso a Chile, Pinto tomaría parte en las victorias patriotas en Chacabuco y Maipú, formado parte de la cúpula política del país. En 1827, ante la renuncia del capitán general Ramón Freire a la primera magistratura, Pinto es elegido como Presidente de Chile. Durante su breve ejercicio del cargo, en vísperas de la guerra civil y la derrota liberal en Lircay, en uno de sus últimos decretos nombra a Bello como oficial segundo del Ministerio de Hacienda de Chile. Sus penurias económicas no menguan con su matrimonio con la joven inglesa de 20 años Mary Ann Boyland, con la que se casa en mayo de 1814. De esta unión nacerían sus primeros tres hijos Carlos (1815), Francisco (1817) y Juan Pablo Antonio (1820). Su vida familiar se ve constantemente afectada por la falta de sustento, los cuales intenta mejorar solicitando un empleo al gobierno de Cundinamarca en 1815, y al de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata al año siguiente. En este último caso, el trabajo fue concedido a Bello, pero por razones poco claras nunca lo asumió en propiedad. Sus situación alcanza en 1816 a mejorar un poco al recibir alguna ayuda por parte del gobierno británico, con lo que puede realizar algunas investigaciones en la biblioteca del Museo Británico. En este lugar se encuentra trabajando, cuando Thomas Bruce, conde de Elgin, presenta los mármoles del Partenón, en 1819. Al año siguiente colabora con James Mill en la transcripción en limpio de los manuscritos de Jeremy Bentham. Su esposa se ve afectada por la tuberculosis, enfermedad de la que fallece el 9 de mayo de 1821, seguida por su hijo Juan Pablo en diciembre de aquel año, siendo el primero de nueve de sus hijos que viera morir en vida. En esta época trabaría también amistad con el granadino Juan García del Río, y más importante aún para su futuro, conoce en 1819 a Antonio José de Irisarri, quien se había desempeñado como director supremo interino de Chile en 1814, y después de la independencia de Chile como canciller de la nueva República. Ese mismo año escribe a Irisarri solicitándole explícitamente ayuda, con el fin de ser contratado en la legación chilena en Londres. La respuesta positiva se demora, pese a los intentos del embajador en acelerarlos. Tal designación demora más de seis meses, logrando Bello finalmente ser designado para un empleo estable, como secretario de la legación en junio de 1822. Durante su desempeño como secretario, Bello sigue las instrucciones de Irisarri, a quién se le encomienda lograr el reconocimiento de Chile por Francia y el Reino Unido, además de conseguir un empréstito para la naciente república. El encargado Irisarri responde a órdenes directas del director supremo Bernardo O'Higgins, quien se desempeña en el mando hasta su forzada abdicación el 28 de enero de 1823. Irisarri se ve entonces interpelado por un nuevo delegado del gobierno, Mariano Egaña, quien mantenía una antigua disputa con Irisarri. Bello se ve envuelto en medio de un desagradable conflicto, en el cual se enfrenta con el titular del cargo y su superior directo (Egaña), al mismo tiempo que debe un gran aprecio a su antiguo jefe (Irisarri). Sin embargo, las suspicacias y temores iniciales de Egaña se disipan en el tiempo, al descubrir en Bello una mente brillante. No escatima entonces elogios para hablar de quien se convertiría en uno de sus grandes amigos, haciendo presente en una recomendación enviada en 1826, cuando Bello ya no se desempeñaba en la legación, con el fin de favorecer su contratación por parte del gobierno de Chile. Dice Mariano Egaña en su informe: La feliz circunstancia de que existan en Santiago mismo personas que han tratado a Bello en Europa, me releva en gran parte de la necesidad de hacer el elogio de este literato: básteme decir que no se presentaría fácilmente una persona tan a propósito para llenar aquella plaza. Educación escogida y clásica, profundos conocimientos en literatura, posesión completa de lenguas principales, antiguas y modernas, práctica en la diplomacia, y un buen carácter, a que da bastante realce la modestia, le constituyen, no sólo de desempeñar muy satisfactoriamente el cargo de oficial mayor, si no que su mérito justificaría la preferencia que le diese el gobierno respecto de otros que solicitasen igual destino Durante esta época Bello realiza buena parte de su trabajo como escritor y poeta, dirigiendo y redactando en gran medida el El Censor Americano (1820), La Biblioteca Americana (1823) y siendo el director de El Repertorio Americano (1826). Todas estas obras constituyen por muchos la más grande manifestación europea del pensamiento americano, en la cual se publican diversas y variadas obras sobre ciencias eruditas, filología, estudios de críticas y análisis. En ellas se publican dos de los grandes poemas de Bello, la Alocución a la poesía de 1823, y la Agricultura en la zona tórrida de 1826. Se desempeña en la legación chilena hasta 1825, cuando termina su contrato. En ese mismo año pasa a desempeñar labores iguales en la embajada de la Gran Colombia, en las cuales sufre una gran decepción al no ser designado titular del cargo que ha quedado vacante por parte de Bolívar. En su intercambio epistolar Bello manifiesta su decepción por lo sucedido, manifestando su deseo de abandonar de manera definitiva Europa. En 1828, y ante reiteradas solicitudes de Egaña, el gobierno de Chile contrata a Bello para un puesto en el Ministerio de Hacienda, abandonado definitivamente el Reino Unido el 14 de febrero de 1829. Santiago (1829-1865) Andrés Bello llega a Chile en 1829, junto con su esposa Isabel Dunn, con quien había contraído matrimonio el 24 de febrero de 1824. Su designación titular es de Oficial Mayor del Ministerio de Hacienda, Académico del Instituto Nacional, y fue el fundador del Colegio de Santiago, rival del Liceo de Chile creado por José Joaquín de Mora. Tuvo una importante participación en la actividad literaria y cultural en el llamado Movimiento Literario de 1842. En ese mismo año con la fundación de la nueva Universidad de Chile se le otorga el título de primer rector. Participa en la edición del diario El Araucano entre 1840 a 1860, siendo el medio cultural de referencia casi obligatoria en aquella época. Participa en el debate y polémica sobre el carácter de la educación pública junto con Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. En estos años, durante su estadía en Chile, publíca sus principales obras sobre gramática y derecho, recibiendo distintos reconocimientos por tal labor, siendo el más importante el recibido en 1851 al ser nombrado miembro honorario de la Real Academia Española. El Congreso Nacional le otorgó unánimemente la nacionalidad chilena por gracia el 17 de octubre de 1832. Sin embargo, este acuerdo no fue publicado en el diario oficial de la época, El Araucano. Posteriormente, en la edición del 7 de diciembre de 1832 de ese periódico se publicó un “aviso oficial” que señaló: “Se han dado cartas de naturaleza á favor de don Benito Fernandez Maqueira, de don Carlos Eduardo Mitchall, de don Victorino Garrido, de don Andres Bello y de don Tomas Ovejero”. En consecuencia, Andrés Bello no recibió la nacionalidad por gracia sino que él la solicitó conforme al reglamento sobre la materia publicado el 9 de noviembre de 1832, tal como cualquier otro extranjero. Andrés Bello se desempeñó como senador por la ciudad de Santiago entre los años 1837 y 1864. Fue el principal y casi exclusivo redactor del Código Civil chileno entre 1840 a 1855, considerado una de las obras más originales de la legislación americana. Entre su obra literaria, destaca su traducción libre de la "Oración por todos" de Víctor Hugo, considerada por muchos la mejor poesía chilena del siglo XIX. Impulsor de la Universidad de Chile, fue designado su primer rector, desempeñando el cargo hasta su muerte. Falleció en la ciudad de Santiago, el día 15 de octubre de 1865 y fue enterrado en el Cementerio General de dicha ciudad. Reconocimientos * Cenotafio en honor a Andrés Bello en el Panteón Nacional de Caracas, Venezuela. * En 1832, el congreso chileno le otorga la nacionalidad de ese país por gracia. * En 1883, una ciudad colombiana adoptó su apellido (la ciudad de Bello, en Antioquia); por solicitud de sus pobladores, quienes consideraban el nombre de Bello “Más culto, más propio y más digno del gran patriarca de las letras americanas”. * En 1927, Chile instituyó el Día del Libro, a celebrarse en el aniversario de su nacimiento. * En 1953 se fundó en Caracas la Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, una de las instituciones privadas más importantes de Venezuela. * El 15 de octubre de 1965, el Congreso venezolano crea la condecoración de la Orden Andrés Bello, con la que se premia a personajes destacados en el ámbito de la educación, la investigación científica, las letras y las artes. * En 1970 entra en vigor el Convenio Andrés Bello, organización internacional para la integración educativa, artística y científica entre los países de Iberoamérica. * El 29 de noviembre de 1981, en el bicentenario de su nacimiento, se inaugura un cenotafio en su honor en el Panteón Nacional de Caracas, por ser uno de los intelectuales caraqueños más destacados y por sus esfuerzos como diplomático a la causa de la independencia de Venezuela. * En 1988, una universidad privada de Chile adopta su nombre, la actual Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello. * Asimismo entre 1959 y 1999, una radio también acuñaba su nombre, aunque hoy es sustituida por FM2, de Iberoamericana Radio Chile. * A finales del siglo XX, se le representaba primero en el billete de 50 y luego en el de 2000 bolívares de Venezuela y en los billetes de 20.000 pesos de Chile. Obras * Obras completas de don Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile: tomos I-XIII, Imp. de Pedro G. Ramírez, 1881-1890; tomos XIV-XV, Imprenta Cervantes, 1891-1893; (1881-1893), 15 vols. Los volúmenes III y V a XI llevan introducciones de Miguel Luis Amunátegui; los volúmenes del XII al XV de Miguel Luis Amunátegui Reyes. * I. Filosofía del entendimiento. Lógica. * II. Poema del Cid. * III. Poesías. * IV. Gramática de la lengua castellana * V. Opúsculos gramaticales. * VI-VIII. Opúsculos literarios y críticos. * IX. Opúsculos jurídicos. * X. Derecho internacional. * XI. Proyecto de código civil. * XII. Proyecto de código civil (1853) * XIII. Proyecto inédito de código civil. * XIV. Opúsculos científicos. * XV. Miscelánea * Obras completas, Caracas: Fundación La Casa de Bello, 1981-1986, 26 vols. Poemas * El romance a un samán, (Caracas) * A un Artista, (Caracas) * Oda al Anauco, 1800. * Oda a la vacuna, 1804. * Tirsis habitador del Tajo umbrío (1805) * Los sonetos a la victoria de Bailén (1808) * A la nave (imitación de Horacio) (1808) * Alocución a la Poesía, Londres, 1823. * Silva a la Agricultura de la Zona Tórrida, Londres, 1826. * El incendio de la Compañía (canto elegíaco), Santiago de Chile, Imprenta del Estado, 1841. Obra jurídica * Principios de derecho de gentes, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta de La Opinión, 1832; tuvo una segunda ed. corregida y aumentada, destinada al uso de los americanos, con el título Principios de Derecho Internacional, Valparaíso, Imprenta de El Mercurio, 1844. * Compendio (Santiago de Chile, 1850). * Proyecto de Código Civil Santiago de Chile, Imprenta Chilena, 1853, 4 vols. * Código Civil de la República de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Imprenta Nacional, 1856. * Código Civil Colombiano. Bogotá, 1887. 6 * Crítica literaria[editar] * Opúsculos literarios y críticos, publicados en diversos periódicos desde el año 1834 hasta 1849, Santiago de Chile: B.I.M. Editores, 1850. * Compendio de la historia de la literatura; por don Andrés Bello redactado para la enseñanza del Instituto Nacional, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta Chilena, 1850. * Historia de la literatura antigua * Arte de escribir con propiedad, compuesto por el Abate Condillac, traducido del francés y arreglado a la lengua castellana, Caracas, Tomás Antero, 1824. * El Otro Bello * Crítica a Homero * Crítica a Ovidio * Crítica a Horacio. Filosofía * La sociología de lo bello * Filosofía del entendimiento, manuscrito. Hay ediciones modernas: Filosofía del entendimiento y otros escritos filosóficos, prólogo de Juan David García Bacca y Filosofía del entendimiento, (introducción de José Gaos), México: FCE, 1948. *También en el tomo I de Obras completas de don Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Imp. de Pedro G. Ramírez, 1881. * Filosofía Moral (Psicología mental y ética). * Lójica. Teatro * Venezuela Consolada (1805), drama. Historia y Geografía * Cosmografía o descripción del universo conforme a los últimos descubrimientos, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta de La Opinión, 1848. * Resumen de la Historia de Venezuela (Caracas, 1810) * Tratado de Cartología Métrica. * Lingüística, Gramática y Retórica[editar] * Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta del Progreso, 1847. * Gramática de la lengua latina, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta de La Opinión, 1838. * Análisis ideológica de los tiempos de la conjugación castellana, Valparaíso, Imprenta de M. Rivadeneyra, 1841. * Principios de la ortología y métrica de la lengua castellana, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta de La Opinión, 1835. * Estudio sobre el Poema del Cid (1816) * Estudio sobre la Crónica de Turpín (1816) * Esbozo de la Gramática Castellana * Estudio de la raíz de todas las ciencias relativas al lenguaje. Traducciones * Mateo Boyardo, Orlando Enamorado, 1862. * Víctor Hugo, Oración por todos, 1843. * Alejandro Dumas, Teresa; drama en prosa y en cinco actos, por Alejandro Dumas, traducido al castellano y arreglado por don Andrés Bello; representado por primera vez en Santiago, en noviembre de 1839, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta del Siglo (Galería Dramática Chilena; Colección de Piezas Originales y Traducidas en el País), 1846. * Arte de escribir con propiedad, compuesto por el Abate Condillac, traducido del francés y arreglado a la lengua castellana, Caracas, Tomás Antero, 1824. Varios * Mis deseos, (Caracas) * Venezuela consolada y España restaurada, (Caracas) * Calendario manual y guía universal de forasteros en Venezuela para el año de 1810, con superior permiso, Caracas, Imprenta de Gallagher y Lamb, 1810; hay ed. facsimilar en Pedro Grases, El primer libro impreso en Venezuela, Caracas, Ediciones del Ministerio de Educación, Dirección de Cultura y Bellas Artes, 1952. * Discurso de inauguración de D. Andrés Bello, rector, Santiago de Chile, Imprenta del Estado, 1842 [sic: 1843]. Referencias Wikipedia - https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrés_Bello

Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852), also known as Tom Moore, was an Irish writer, poet, and lyricist celebrated for his Irish Melodies. His setting of English-language verse to old Irish tunes marked the transition in popular Irish culture from Irish to English. Politically, Moore was recognised in England as a press, or "squib", writer for the aristocratic Whigs; in Ireland he was accounted a Catholic patriot.

Walter Savage Landor (30 January 1775 – 17 September 1864) was an English writer and poet. His best known works were the prose Imaginary Conversations, and the poem Rose Aylmer, but the critical acclaim he received from contemporary poets and reviewers was not matched by public popularity. As remarkable as his work was, it was equalled by his rumbustious character and lively temperament. Summary of his work In a long and active life of eighty-nine years Landor produced a considerable amount of work in various genres. This can perhaps be classified into four main areas—prose, lyric poetry, political writings including epigrams and Latin. His prose and poetry have received most acclaim, but critics are divided in their preference between them. Landor’s prose is best represented by the Imaginary Conversations. He drew on a vast array of historical characters from Greek philosophers to contemporary writers and composed conversations between pairs of characters that covered areas of philosophy, politics, romance and many other topics. These exercises proved a more successful application of Landor’s natural ability for writing dialogue than his plays. Although these have many quotable passages the overall effect suffered because he never learned the art of drama. Landor wrote much sensitive and beautiful poetry. The love poems were inspired by a succession of female romantic ideals—Ione, Ianthe, Rose Aylmer and Rose Paynter. Equally sensitive are his “domestic” poems about his sister and his children. In the course of his career Landor wrote for various journals on a range of topics that interested him from anti-Pitt politics to the unification of Italy. He was also a master of the epigram which he used to good effect and wrote satirically to avenge himself on politicians and other people who upset him. Landor wrote over three hundred Latin poems, political tracts and essays, but these have generally been ignored in the collections of his work. Landor found Latin useful for expressing things that might otherwise have been “indecent or unattractive” as he put it and as a cover for libellous material. Fellow classical scholars of the time put Landor’s Latin work on a par with his English writing. Summary of his life Landor’s life is an amazing catalogue of incidents and misfortunes, many of them self-inflicted but some no fault of his own. His headstrong nature and hot-headed temperament, combined with a complete contempt for authority, landed him in a great deal of trouble over the years. By a succession of bizarre actions, he was successively thrown out of Rugby, Oxford and from time to time from the family home. In the course of his life he came into conflict deliberately with his political enemies - the supporters of Pitt - but inadvertently with a succession of Lord Lieutenants, Bishops, Lord Chancellors, Spanish officers, Italian Grand Dukes, nuncio legatos, lawyers and other minor officials. He usually gained the upper hand, if not with an immediate hilarious response, then possibly many years later with a biting epithet. Landor’s writing often landed him on the wrong side of the laws of libel, and even his refuge in Latin proved of no avail in Italy. Many times his friends had to come to his aid in smoothing the ruffled feathers of his opponents or in encouraging him to moderate his behaviour. His friends were equally active in the desperate attempts to get his work published, where he offended or felt cheated by a succession of publishers who found his work either unsellable or unpublishable. He was repeatedly involved in legal disputes with his neighbours whether in England or Italy and Dickens’ characterisation of him in Bleak House revolves around such a dispute over a gate between Boythorn and Sir Leicester Dedlock. Fate dealt with him unfairly when he tried to put into practice his bold and generous ideas to improve the lot of man, or when he was mistaken at one time for an agent of the Prince of Wales and at another for a tramp. His stormy marriage with his long-suffering wife resulted in a long separation, and then when she had finally taken him back to a series of sad attempts to escape. And yet Landor was described as “the kindest and gentlest of men”. He collected a coterie of friends who went to great lengths to help him as “his loyalty and liberality of heart were as inexhaustible as his bounty and beneficence of hand”. It was said that “praise and encouragement, deserved or undeserved, came more readily to his lips than challenge or defiance”. The numerous accounts of those with whom he came in contact reveal that he was fascinating company and he dined out on his wit and knowledge for a great part of his life. Landor's powerful sense of humour, expressed in his tremendous and famous laughs no doubt contributed to and yet helped assuage the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune. “His passionate compassion, his bitter and burning pity for all wrongs endured in all the world, found outlet in his lifelong defence of tyrannicide. His tender and ardent love of children, of animals and of flowers makes fragrant alike the pages of his writing and the records of his life”. Early life Walter Savage Landor was born in Warwick, England, the eldest son of Dr Walter Landor, a physician, and his second wife, Elizabeth Savage. His birthplace, Eastgate House, is now occupied by The King's High School For Girls. His father inherited estates at Rugeley, Staffordshire and his mother was heiress to estates at Ipsley Court and Bishop's Tachbrook in Warwickshire. Landor as the eldest son was heir to these properties and looked forward to a life of prosperity. The family tradition was Whig in reaction to George III and Pitt, and although Landor's brother Robert was the only other member to achieve fame as a writer there was a strong literary tradition in the family. After attending a school at Knowle, he was sent to Rugby School under Dr James, but took offence at the headmaster's review of his work and was removed at Dr James' request. Years later, Landor included references to James in Latin in Simonidea with a mixture of praise and criticism and was subsequently reconciled with him. He then studied privately with Rev. William Langley, vicar of Fenny Bentley and headmaster of Ashbourne Grammar School. Langley was later mentioned in the Imaginary Conversation of Isaak Walton. Landor's temperament and violent opinions caused embarrassment at home and he was usually asked to absent himself when guests were expected. On one occasion he netted and threw in the river a local farmer who objected to his fishing on his property. In 1793 he entered Trinity College, Oxford where he showed rebelliousness in his informal dress and was known as a "mad Jacobin" since he was taken with ideas of French republicanism. His tutor Dr Benwell was impressed by him, but unfortunately his stay was short-lived. In 1794 he fired a gun at the windows of a Tory whose late night revels disturbed him and for whom he had an aversion. He was rusticated for a year, and, although the authorities were willing to condone the offence, he refused to return. The affair led to a quarrel with his father in which Landor expressed his intention of leaving home for ever. Landor went to Tenby in Wales where he had a love affair with a local girl, Nancy Evans, for whom he wrote some of his earliest love poems referring to her as "Ione". Landor's father disapproved and he removed for a time to London, lodging near Portland Place. Ione subsequently had a child who died in infancy. In 1795 Landor brought out a small volume of English and Latin verse in three books entitled The Poems of Walter Savage Landor. Landor also wrote an anonymous Moral Epistle in pamphlet form of nineteen pages, respectfully dedicated to Earl Stanhope. It was a satire in heroic verse condemning Pitt for trying to suppress liberal influences. Although Landor subsequently disowned these "'prentice works", Swinburne wrote "No poet at the age of twenty ever had more vigour of style and fluency of verse; nor perhaps has any ever shown such masterly command of epigram and satire, made vivid and vital by the purest enthusiasm and most generous indignation." Landor was reconciled with his family through the efforts of his friend Dorothea Lyttelton. He later told Forster that he would have married Dorothea if he were financially independent. He did not enter a profession - he did not want the law, and no more did the army want him. His father allowed him £150 a year, and he was free to live at home or not, as he pleased. South Wales and Gebir Landor settled in South Wales, returning home to Warwick for short visits. It was at Swansea that he became friendly with the family of Lord Aylmer, including his sister, Rose, whom Landor later immortalized in the poem, "Rose Aylmer". It was she who lent him "The Progress of Romance" by the Gothic authoress Clara Reeve. In this he found the story "The History of Charoba, Queen of Egypt", which inspired his poem "Gebir". Rose Aylmer sailed to India with an aunt in 1798, and two years later died of Cholera. Ah, what avails the sceptred race, Ah, what the form divine! What every virtue, every grace! Rose Aylmer, all were thine. Rose Aylmer, whom these wakeful eyes May weep, but never see, A night of memories and of sighs I consecrate to thee. In 1798 Landor published "Gebir" the work which established his reputation. "Gebir" tells the story of a prince of Spain who falls in love with his enemy Queen Charoba of Egypt. Southey, reviewed "Gebir" calling it "some of the most exquisite poetry in the language" and was keen to discover the anonymous author. Sidney Colvin wrote "For loftiness of thought and language together, there are passages in Gebir that will bear comparison with Milton" and "nowhere in the works of Wordsworth or Coleridge do we find anything resembling Landor's peculiar qualities of haughty splendour and massive concentration".[4] John Forster wrote "Style and treatment constitute the charm of it. The vividness with which everything in it is presented to sight as well as through the wealth of its imagery, its moods of language - these are characteristics pre-eminent in Gebir".[5] Gifford, on the other hand, who was ever a harsh critic of Landor described it as A jumble of incomprehensible trash... the most vile and despicable effusion of a mad and muddy brain....[6] For the next three years Landor led an unsettled life, spent mainly in London. He became friends with the classics scholar Dr Samuel Parr who lived at Hatton near Warwick and who appreciated Landor as a person and a Latin writer.[2] Landor favoured Latin as a way of expressing playful material without exposing it to public view "Siquid forte iocosius cuivis in mentem veniat, id, vernacule, puderet, non enim tantummodo in luce agitur sed etiam in publico."[7] Latin also had the advantage of being exempt from libel laws in England. Parr introduced Landor to Robert Adair, party organiser for Charles James Fox, who enlisted Landor to write in The Morning Post and The Courier against the ministry of Pitt. Landor published "Poems from the Arabic and Persian" in 1800 and a pamphlet of Latin verses. During this time he met Isaac Mocatta who stimulated his interest in art and exercised a moderating influence, but Mocatta died 1801. In 1802 Landor went to Paris where he saw Napoleon at close quarters, and this was enough to put him off the idea of French republicanism. In the same year he published "Poetry by the Author of Gebir" which included the narrative poems Crysaor and The Phocaeans. Colvin considered Crysaor Landor's finest piece of narrative in blank verse. Landor's brother Robert helped with corrections and additions to "Gebir" and the second edition appeared in 1803. About the same time Landor published the whole poem in Latin, which did little to increase readership but appealed to Parr and was considered by Swinburne to be comparable with the English version in might and melody of line, and for power and perfection of language. Landor travelled the country in constant debt, spending much time at Bath. Here he met Sophia Jane Swift, who was already engaged to her cousin Godwin Swifte, whom she married despite Landor's ardent entreaties in 1803. He called her Ianthe and wrote some of his most beautiful love poems to her. His father died in 1805, which put him in possession of an independent fortune and he settled in Bath, living in grand style.[2] In 1806 he published "Simonidea" which included poems to Ianthe and Ione. It also included "Gunlaug and Helga" a narrative poem from William Herbert's "Select Icelandic poems". At Bristol in 1808 he caught up with Southey, whom he had missed on a trip to the Lake District in the previous year, and the mutual appreciation of the two poets led to a warm friendship. He also wrote a work "The Dun Cow" which was written in defence of his friend Parr who had been attacked in an anonymous work "Guy's Porridge Pot", which Landor was fierce to deny was any work of his. Napoleonic Wars and Count Julian In 1808 he had an heroic impulse to take part in the Peninsular War. At the age of thirty-three, he left England for Spain as a volunteer to serve in the national army against Napoleon. He landed at Corunna, introduced himself to the British envoy, offered 10,000 reals for the relief of Venturada, and set out to join the army of General Joaquín Blake y Joyes. He was disappointed not to take part in any real action and found himself giving support at Bilbao where he was nearly captured. A couple of months later the Convention of Sintra brought an end to the campaign and Landor returned to England. The Spanish Government offered its thanks to him, and King Ferdinand appointed him a Colonel in the Spanish Army. However when the King restored the Jesuits Landor returned his commission.[2] When he returned to England, he joined Wordsworth and Southey in denouncing the Convention of Sintra, which had excited general indignation. In 1809 Landor wrote "Three letters to Don Francisco Riquelme" giving him the benefit of his wisdom as a participant in the war. He wrote an ode in Latin to Gustavus IV of Sweden and wrote to press under various pseudonyms. In 1810 he wrote "a brave and good letter to Sir Francis Burdett." The Spanish experience provided inspiration for the tragedy of Count Julian, based on Julian, count of Ceuta. Although this demonstrated Landor's distinctive style of writing, it suffered from his failure to study the art of drama and so made little impression. The plot is difficult to follow unless the story is previously known and concerns a complicated situation after the defeat of the last Visigoth King of Spain. It carries the moral tone of crime propagating crime. Southey undertook to arrange publication and eventually got it published by Murray in 1812, after an initial refusal by Longmans which led Landor to burn another tragedy "Ferranti and Giulio". Thomas de Quincey later wrote of the work "Mr Landor is probably the one man in Europe that has adequately conceived the situation, the stern self-dependency and monumental misery of Count Julian". Swinburne described it as "the sublimest poem published in our language, between the last masterpiece of Milton (Samson Agonistes) and the first masterpiece of Shelley, (Prometheus Unbound) one equally worthy to stand unchallenged beside either for poetic perfection as well as moral majesty. The superhuman isolation of agony and endurance which encircles and exalts the hero is in each case expressed with equally appropriate magnificence of effect. The style of Count Julian, if somewhat deficient in dramatic ease and the fluency of natural dialogue, has such might and purity and majesty of speech as elsewhere we find only in Milton so long and so steadily sustained." Llanthony and marriage Before going to Spain, he had been looking for a property and settled on Llanthony Abbey in Monmouthshire, a ruined Benedictine abbey. He sold the property at Rugeley which he inherited from his father, and persuaded his mother to sell her Tachbrook estate to contribute to the purchase cost. On his return from Spain he was busy finalising these matters. The previous owner had erected some buildings in the ruins of the ancient abbey, but an Act of Parliament, passed in 1809, was needed to allow Landor to pull down these buildings and construct a house, (which was never finished). He wanted to become a model country gentleman, planting trees, importing sheep from Spain, and improving the roads. There is still an avenue of trees in the area known as "Landor's Larches" and many old chestnuts have been dated back to his time. In 1811 he went to a ball in Bath and seeing a pretty girl exclaimed "That's the nicest girl in the room, and I'll marry her". She was Julia Thuillier, the daughter of an impoverished Swiss banker who had an unsuccessful business at Banbury and had gone to Spain, leaving his family at Bath. They married at St James Church Bath on 24 May 1811 and settled for a while at Llanthony Abbey. Landor had a visit from Southey, after he sent him a letter describing the idylls of country life, including nightingales and glow-worms. However the idyll was not to last long as for the next three years Landor was worried by the combined vexation of neighbours and tenants, lawyers and lords-lieutenant and even the Bishop of St David's, while at the same time he tried to publish an article on Fox, a response to a sycophantic piece by John Bernard Trotter, which was condemned by the prospective publisher John Murray as libellous and damned by Canning and Gifford. His troubles with the neighbours stemmed from petty squabbles, many arising from his headstrong and impetuous nature. He employed a solicitor one Charles Gabell, who saw him as a client to be milked. His trees were uprooted and his timber stolen. A man against whom he had to swear the peace drank himself to death, and he was accused of causing the misfortune and when he prosecuted a man for theft he was insulted by the defendant's counsel (whom he later "chastised" in his Latin poetry). He was fond of revenge through his verse, Latin or otherwise and gave his opinion of his lawyers in the following piece of doggerel. If the devil, a mighty old omnibus driver Saw an omnibus driving downhill to a river And saved any couple to share his own cab I really do think t'would be Gabell & Gabb. When the Bishop failed to reply to his letter offering to restore part of the priory Landor followed up saying "God alone is great enough for me to ask anything of twice". He wanted to become a magistrate and after a row with the Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Beaufort, who was suspicious of his republican sympathies, he pursued the matter with the Lord Chancellor, Lord Eldon well known as a High Tory without success. He wasted much effort and money in noble attempts to improve the land, and to relieve the wretchedness and raise the condition of the poorer inhabitants. The final straw was when he let his farmland to one Betham who was incompetent and extravagant and paid no rent. After an expensive action to recover the debts from Betham he had had enough, and decided to leave the country, abandoning Llanthony to his creditors - which was principally his mother. In 1814 Landor left England for Jersey, where he had a quarrel with his wife and set off for France on his own. Eventually she joined him at Tours as did his brother Robert. At Tours he met Francis George Hare, father of Augustus Hare and brother of Julius Hare who was to be of great help to him. Landor soon became dissatisfied with Tours and after tremendous conflicts with his landlady set off in September 1815 with his wife and brother on a tempestuous journey to Italy. Florence and Imaginary Conversations Landor and his wife finally settled at Como where they stayed for three years. Even here he had troubles for at the time Caroline of Brunswick, wife of the Prince Regent was living there and Landor was suspected of being an agent involved in watching her in case of divorce proceedings. In 1818 he insulted the authorities in a Latin poem directed against an Italian poet who had denounced England, not realising that the libel laws in Italy (unlike in England) applied to Latin writings as well as Italian. After threatening the regio delegato with a beating he was ordered to leave Como. In September he went to Genoa and Pisa. He finally settled at Florence in 1821. After two years in apartments in the Medici Palace, he settled with his wife and children at the Villa Castiglione. In this, the most important period in his literary career, he produced some of his best known works - the Imaginary Conversations. It was at this time that Lady Blessington and her husband were living at Florence and became firm friends. The first two volumes of his Imaginary Conversations appeared in 1824 with a second edition in 1826; a third volume was added in 1828; and in 1829 the fourth and fifth volumes were published. Not until 1846 was a fresh instalment added, in the second volume of his collected and selected works. With these works, Landor acquired a high, but not wide literary reputation. He had various disputes with the authorities in Florence. The theft of some silver led to altercations with the police, whose interviews with tradesmen ended up defining him as a "dangerous man", and the eventual upshot was that the Grand Duke banished him from Florence. Subsequently the Grand Duke took the matter good-naturedly, and ignored Landor's declaration that, as the authorities disliked his residence, he should reside there permanently. In 1829, Landor bought the Villa Gherardesca at Fiesole helped by a generous loan from Joseph Ablett of Llanbedr Hall, Denbighshire. Here he had a dispute with a neighbour about water rights, which led to a lawsuit and a challenge, although the English Consul Kirkup succeeded in arranging the point of honour satisfactorily. Landor was visited by William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt, and was on intimate terms with Charles Armitage Brown. It was at this time he became acquainted with Edward John Trelawny who he included in volume IV of Imaginary Conversations. His mother, with whom he had always corresponded affectionately, died in October 1829 and his cousin Walter Landor of Rugeley took over the management of the estate in Wales. Landor was happy at Villa Gherardesca for several years, writing books, playing with his children whom he adored and with the nightingales, and planting his gardens. He had many visitors, most notably in 1829 Jane Swift (Ianthe) now a widow, who inspired him to write poetry again. Later came Henry Crabb Robinson with whom he got on extremely well. In 1831 he published a volume combining Gebir, Count Julian and Other Poems (including 31 to Ianthe). Although this sold only 40 copies, Landor was unconcerned as he was working on "High and Low Life in Italy". This last work he sent to Crabb Robinson for publication but he had difficulties with publishers and it did not appear until 1837. In 1832 Ablett persuaded him visit England, where he met many old friends. He saw Ianthe at Brighton and met Lord Wenlock. He also visited his family in Staffordshire - his brother Charles was rector of Colton, and his cousin Walter Landor of Rugeley was trying to deal with the complex business of Llanthony. He visited Charles Lamb at Enfield, Samuel Coleridge at Highgate, and Julius Hare at Cambridge. He went with Ablett to the Lake District and saw Southey and Coleridge. On returning to Fiesole he found his children out of hand and obtained a German governess for them. Back in Italy he met Richard Monckton Milnes who later wrote about him. He was visited by Ralph Waldo Emerson and worked on the conversations which led to the volumes upon "Shakespeare's Examinations for Deer Stealing", "Pericles and Aspasia", and the "Pentameron". Lady Blessington sold "Shakespeare" for him. In 1835 Ianthe visited again, and brought her half-sister, Mrs Paynter, with her. Landor's wife Julia became jealous, although she already had a younger lover, and their difference of opinion ended in a complete separation. England, Pericles and journalism Landor was 60 by now and went to Lucca where he finished "Pericles and Aspasia" and in September returned to England alone in the autumn. He had an income of about £600 per annum from properties in England, but when he left Italy he made over £400 of the share to his wife, and transferred the villa and farms at Fiesole to his son Arnold absolutely. His income was now £200 a year and he was in financial difficulties. He stayed with Ablett at Llanbedr for three months, spent winter at Clifton and returned to him afterwards, when Ablett persuaded him to write "Literary Hours" which was published the next year. "Pericles and Aspasia", which was to become one of his most appreciated works was published in March 1836. It is in the form of an Imaginary Conversation and describes the development of Aspasia's romance with Pericles, who died in the Peloponnesian War, told in a series of letters to a friend Cleone. The work is one of Landor's most joyous works and is singled out by contemporary critics as an introduction to Landor at his best. On one occasion Landor was travelling to Clifton incognito and chatting to a fellow traveller when the traveller, John Sterling, observed that his strange paradoxical conversation sounded like one of Landor's Imaginary Conversations. Landor covered his retreat, but later became acquainted formally with Sterling. Also in 1836, Landor met John Forster who became his biographer, having become friends after Forster's review of his "Shakespeare". Later that year went to Heidelberg in Germany hoping to meet his children, but was disappointed. He wrote more imaginary conversations including one between Lord Eldon and Escombe. When a lady friend rebuked him for this on the basis that Eldon was now over eighty, Landor replied unmoved with the quip "The devil is older". He had several other publications that year besides Pericles, including "Letter from a Conservative", "A Satire on Satirists" which included a criticism of Wordsworth's failure to appreciate Southey, Alabiadas the Young Man, and "Terry Hogan", a satire on Irish priests. He wintered again at Clifton where Southey visited him. It is possible that Ianthe was living at Bristol, but the evidence is not clear, and in 1837 she went to Austria, where she remained for some years. After leaving Clifton, Landor travelled around and visited Armitage Brown at Plymouth. He established many friendships including John Kenyon and Sir William Napier. At the end of the year he published "Death of Clytemnestra" and "The Pentalogia", containing five of his finest shorter studies in dramatic poetry. The last piece to be published was "Pentameron". Although this had no financial success it was much admired by his friends including Kenyon, Julius Hare, Crabb Robinson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning who said "some of the pages are too delicious to turn over", and Leigh Hunt who reckoned it Landor's masterpiece. In the spring of 1838 he took a house in Bath and wrote his three plays the "Andrea of Hungary", "Giovanna of Naples", and "Fra Rupert". These plays are in the form of a trilogy in the first of which Fra Rupert contrives the death of Andrea husband of Giovanna. Giovanna is suspected but acquitted in the second play. In the third play Fra Rupert is discovered. George Saintsbury described these as a historical novel thrown into conversational dramatic form. In 1839 Landor's attempts to publish the plays were caught up in a dispute between Bentley and Dickens and Forster which caused considerable delay. Again, although these plays, or "conversations in verse" did not succeed with the public, Landor gained warm admirers, many of whom were his personal friends. Southey's mind was giving way when he wrote a last letter to his friend in 1839, but he continued to mention Landor's name when generally incapable of mentioning any one. Landor wandered around the country again, frequently visiting London, where he usually stayed with Lady Blessington, whom he had known at Florence. Mrs Paynter, and her daughter Rose Paynter were at Bath and Landor's letters and verses to Rose are among his best works. Rose later married Charles Graves-Sawle of Restormel in Cornwall. Landor met Charles Dickens and they enjoyed each other's company despite the age difference. Landor greatly admired Dickens' works, and was especially moved by the character of Nell Trent (from The Old Curiosity Shop). Landor was affectionately adapted by Dickens as Lawrence Boythorn in Bleak House.[2] He was the godfather of Dickens's son Walter Landor Dickens. He also became introduced to Robert Browning who sent him a dedicated copy of his work. Landor received a visit from his son Arnold in 1842 and in that year wrote a long essay on Catullus for Forster who was editor of "Foreign Quarterly Review" and followed it up with The Idylls of Theocritus. Super was critical of the essays claiming "A more thoroughly disorganised work never fell from his pen". In 1843 he mourned the death of his friend Southey and dedicated a poem in the Examiner. Landor was visited by his children Walter and Julia and published a poem to Julia in Blackwood's magazine. By that dejected city, Arno runs, Where Ugolino claspt his famisht sons. There wert thou born, my Julia! there thine eyes Return'd as bright a blue to vernal skies. And thence, my little wanderer! when the Spring Advanced, thee, too, the hours on silent wing Brought, while anemonies were quivering round, And pointed tulips pierced the purple ground, Where stood fair Florence: there thy voice first blest My ear, and sank like balm into my breast: For many griefs had wounded it, and more Thy little hands could lighten were in store. But why revert to griefs? Thy sculptured brow Dispels from mine its darkest cloud even now. And all that Rumour has announced of grace! I urge, with fevered breast, the four-month day. O! could I sleep to wake again in May. In the following year his daughter Julia returned and gave him a dog Pomero, who was a faithful companion for a long time. In the same year, he published a poem to Browning in the Morning Chronicle. Forster and Dickens used to visit Bath, to celebrate Landor's birthday and Charles I's execution on the same day. Forster helped Landor in publishing his plays and the 'Collected Works' in 1846, and was employed on The Examiner to which Landor frequently contributed on political and other subjects. Forster objected to the inclusion of some Latin poetry, and so Landor published his most important Latin work 'Poemata et Inscriptiones' separately in 1847. This consisted of large additions to the main contents of two former volumes of idyllic, satiric, elegiac and lyric verse. One piece referred to George IV whose treatment of Caroline of Brunswick had been distasteful to Landor. Heic jacet, Qui ubique et semper jacebat Familiae pessimae homo pessimus Georgius Britanniae Rex ejus nominis IV Arca ut decet ampla et opipare ornata est Continet enim omnes Nerones. (Here lies a person who was always laying about all over the place - the worst member of the worst family - George the fourth of that name of Britain. It is suitable that the vault be large and excessively decorated as it contains all the Neros). Landor's distaste for the House of Hanover is more famously displayed in the doggerel that many do not realise is his composition. George the First was always reckoned Vile, but viler George the Second. And what mortal ever heard Any good of George the Third, But when from earth the Fourth descended God be praised the Georges ended In 1846 he also published the 'Hellenics', including the poems published under that title in the collected works, together with English translations of the Latin idyls. In this year he first met Eliza Lynn who was to become an outstanding novelist and journalist as Lynn Linton, and she became a regular companion in Bath. Now aged over seventy Landor was losing many of his old friends and becoming more frequently ill himself. On one occasion when staying with the Graves-Sawle he visited Exeter and sheltered in the rain on the doorstep of a local barrister James Jerwood. Jerwood mistook him for a tramp and drove him away. Landor's follow-up letter of abuse to the barrister is magnificent. In 1849 he wrote a well-known epitaph for himself on his 74th birthday. I strove with none, for none was worth my strife. Nature I loved, and, next to nature, Art; I warm'd both hands before the fire of Life; It sinks, and I am ready to depart. However he was leading an active social life. Tennyson met him in 1850 and recorded how while another guest fell downstairs and broke his arm, "Old Landor went on eloquently discoursing of Catullus and other Latin poets as if nothing had happened".[12] Thomas Carlyle visited him and wrote "He was really stirring company: a proud irascible, trenchant, yet generous, veracious, and very dignified old man".[12] In 1851 Landor expressed interest in Church reform with a pamphlet "Popery, British and Foreign", and Letters to Cardinal Wiseman. He published various other articles in The Examiner, Fraser's Magazine and other journals. During the year he learnt of the death of his beloved Ianthe and wrote in tribute to her. Sophia! whom I seldom call'd by name, And trembled when I wrote it; O my friend Severed so long from me! one morn I dreamt That we were walking hand in hand thro' paths Slippery with sunshine: after many years Had flown away, and seas and realms been crost, And much (alas how much!) by both endured We joined our hands together and told our tale. And now thy hand hath slipt away from mine, And the cold marble cramps it; I dream one, Dost thou dream too? and are our dreams the same? In 1853 he published the collected "Imaginary Conversations of the Greeks and Romans" which he dedicated to Dickens. Dickens in this year published "Bleak House" which contained the amazingly realistic characterisation of Landor as Boythorn. He also published "The Last Fruit off an Old Tree", containing fresh conversations, critical and controversial essays, miscellaneous epigrams, lyrics and occasional poems of various kind and merit, closing with Five Scenes on the martyrdom of Beatrice Cenci. Swinburne described these as "unsurpassed even by their author himself for noble and heroic pathos, for subtle and genial, tragic and profound, ardent and compassionate insight into character, with consummate mastery of dramatic and spiritual truth."[13] At this time Landor was interesting himself in foreign affairs, in particular Czarist oppression as he saw it and Louis Napoleon. At the end of 1854 his beloved sister Elizabeth died and he wrote a touching memorial. "Sharp crocus wakes the froward year; In their old haunts birds reappear; From yonder elm, yet black with rain, The cushat looks deep down for grain Thrown on the gravel-walk; here comes The redbreast to the sill for crumbs. Fly off! fly off! I can not wait To welcome ye, as she of late. The earliest of my friends is gone. Alas! almost my only one! The few as dear, long wafted o'er, Await me on a sunnier shore." In 1856 at the age of 81 he published Antony and Octavius: Scenes for the Study, twelve consecutive poems in dialogue, and "Letter to Emerson", as well as continuing Imaginary Conversations. Final Tragedies and return to Italy In the beginning of 1857, Landor's mind was becoming weakened and he found himself in some unpleasant situations. He became involved in a court case because he had published statements when the case was sub judice and was insulted by counsel as a poor old man brought in to talk twaddle. He then became embroiled in a miserable quarrel between two ladies he knew. He gave one of them, Geraldine Hooper £100, a legacy received from his friend Kenyon. Unknown to Landor she transferred half of it to the other lady a Mrs Yescombe. They then quarreled and the Mrs Yescombe accused Hooper of having obtained the money from Landor for dishonourable reasons. Landor in his fury wrote a pamphlet "Walter Savage Landor and the Honourable Mrs Yescombe" which was considered libellous. Forster persuaded Landor to apologise. Then in 1858 he produced a miscellaneous collection called "Dry Sticks Fagoted by W. S. Landor", which contained among other things some epigrammatic and satirical attacks which led to further libel actions. In July that year Landor returned to Italy for the last six years of his life. He was advised to make over his property to his family, on whom he now depended. He hoped to resume his life with his wife and children but found them living disreputably at the Villa Gherardesca and ill-disposed to welcome him. He spent a miserable ten months at his villa, and fled repeatedly to Florence, only to be brought back again. On the last occasion, he took refuge at a hotel in Florence, with next to nothing in his pocket, and was found by Robert Browning then living at the Casa Guidi. Browning managed to obtain an allowance for him from the family and settled him first at Siena and then at Florence. Landor busied himself with new editions of his works and interested himself in the unification of Italy. He wrote frequently to Eliza Lynn Linton and added to Imaginary Conversations devising any sale proceeds to the relief of Garibaldi's soldiers. Anthony Trollope visited Florence and brought with him an American girl Kate Field who became Landor's protege. He was still charming, venerable, and courteous, and full of literary interests. He taught Kate Field Latin, repeated poetry and composed some last conversations. In 1861, Browning left Italy after the death of his wife. Landor afterwards seldom left the house and remained petulant and uncomfortable, occasionally visited by his sons. He was much concerned about the fate of his picture collection, little of which had any merit, and about preparations for his grave as he hoped to be buried at Widcombe near Bath. He published some Imaginary Conversations in the 'Atheneum' in 1861-2 and in 1863 published a last volume of "Heroic Idyls, with Additional Poems, English and Latin", described by Swinburne as " the last fruit of a genius which after a life of eighty-eight years had lost nothing of its majestic and pathetic power, its exquisite and exalted". Forster's refusal to publish more about the libel case had interrupted their friendship, but they renewed their correspondence before his death. Almost the last event of his life was a visit in 1864 from the poet Swinburne, who visited Florence specifically to see him, and dedicated to him the 'Atlanta in Calydon'.[2] In 1864 on May Day Landor said to his landlady "I shall never write again. Put out the lights and draw the curtains". A few months later he died quietly in Florence at the age of 89. He was buried not after all at Widcombe but in the English Cemetery, Florence, near the tomb of his friend, Elizabeth Barrett Browning. A statue of his wife can also be found in the 'English' Cemetery, above the tomb of their son, Arnold Savage Landor. Later, his Villa Gherardesca in Fiesole would become the home of the American Icelandic scholar Daniel Willard Fiske, who renamed it the 'Villa Landor'. Landor's grandson was the writer explorer and adventurer Arnold Henry Savage Landor. Landor was the close friend of Southey, and Coleridge. His relationship with Wordsworth changed over time from great praise to a certain resentment. Lord Byron tended to ridicule and revile him, and though Landor had little good to say in return during Byron's life he lamented and extolled him as a dead hero. He lavished sympathetic praise on the noble dramatic works of his brother Robert Eyres Landor. Review of Landor's work by Swinburne From nineteen almost to ninety his intellectual and literary activity was indefatigably incessant; but, herein at least like Charles Lamb, whose cordial admiration he so cordially returned, he could not write a note of three lines which did not bear the mark of his Roman hand in its matchless and inimitable command of a style at once the most powerful and the purest of his age. The one charge which can ever seriously be brought and maintained against it is that of such occasional obscurity or difficulty as may arise from excessive strictness in condensation of phrase and expurgation of matter not always superfluous, and sometimes almost indispensable. His English prose and his Latin verse are perhaps more frequently and more gravely liable to this charge than either his English verse or his Latin prose. At times it is well-nigh impossible for an eye less keen and swift, a scholarship less exquisite and ready than his own, to catch the precise direction and follow the perfect course of his rapid thought and radiant utterance. This apparently studious pursuit and preference of the most terse and elliptic expression which could be found for anything he might have to say could not but occasionally make even so sovereign a master of two great languages appear dark with excess of light; but from no former master of either tongue in prose or verse was ever the quality of real obscurity, of loose and nebulous incertitude, more utterly alien or more naturally remote. There is nothing of cloud or fog about the path on which he leads us; but we feel now and then the want of a bridge or a handrail; we have to leap from point to point of narrative or argument without the usual help of a connecting plank. Even in his dramatic works, where least of all it should have been found, this lack of visible connection or sequence in details of thought or action is too often a source of sensible perplexity. In his noble trilogy on the history of Giovanna queen of Naples it is sometimes actually difficult to realize on a first reading what has happened or is happening, or how, or why, or by what agency a defect alone sufficient, but unhappily sufficient in itself, to explain the too general ignorance of a work so rich in subtle and noble treatment of character, so sure and strong in its grasp and rendering of high actions and high passions, so rich in humour and in pathos, so royally serene in its commanding power upon the tragic mainsprings of terror and of pity. As a poet, he may be said on the whole to stand midway between Byron and Shelley—about as far above the former as below the latter. If we except Catullus and Simonides, it might be hard to match and it would be impossible to overmatch the flawless and blameless yet living and breathing beauty of his most perfect elegies, epigrams or epitaphs. As truly as prettily was he likened by Leigh Hunt to a stormy mountain pine which should produce lilies. He was a classic, and no formalist; the wide range of his admiration had room for a genius so far from classical as Blake's. Nor in his own highest mood or method of creative as of critical work was he a classic only, in any narrow or exclusive sense of the term. On either side, immediately or hardly below his mighty masterpiece of Pericles and Aspasia, stand the two scarcely less beautiful and vivid studies of medieval Italy and Shakespeare in England. References Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Savage_Landor

Juan Clemente Zenea, escritor cubano nació en Bayamo, Granma, el 24 de febrero de 1832. Se reconoce que ejerció gran influencia en la literatura cubana al retomar el Romanticismo, marcando una nueva línea en la poesía hispanoamericana. Se vio obligado a emigrar a Estados Unidos en 1852. Desde allí llevó a cabo una fuerte campaña contra el gobierno español. Fue condenado a muerte en La Habana en 1853 por sus actividades en contra del gobierno, pero debido a la amnistía general es perdonado y puede regresar a Cuba al año siguiente. Al comenzar la guerra de 1868 en Cuba regresa a los Estados Unidos para colaborar con la causa. Logra llegar a Cuba clandestinamente en 1870 y, luego de una entrevista con Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, líder del alzamiento, fue apresado por las tropas españolas tratando de regresar a los Estados Unidos y fusilado en 1871.

Francisco Esteban Acuña de Figueroa (Montevideo, 3 de septiembre de 1791 – ídem, 6 de octubre de 1862) fue un escritor y poeta uruguayo. Fue hijo del Tesorero de la Real Hacienda Jacinto Acuña de Figueroa. Cursó sus primeros estudios en el Convento de San Bernardino, y los termina en Buenos Aires en el Real Colegio de San Carlos, de donde vuelve en 1810 habiendo realizado estudios en Letras.

I was born in chicago public housing in the mid 70s. The lack of a male role model drove me in the wrong direction. I've always had a creative mind, I left home at an early age an spent most of my time in the streets. It was there I found my way into music an managed to get a record deal with an independent label. Things didn't go accordingly I ended up dealing drugs which almost cost me my life. Today I'm just a lonely soul trying to find its way.

I have been writing since as long as I could remember. I'm not a great writer, but it's a way to vent for me as well as express. I hope you like my work and can give me feed back.

me gusta escribir ......no se si seran poemas , pero escribo lo que siento y mas si estoy enamorado ,............

A Constant Poet Tasting The Void I expell words That fill those Places like birds Birthed by This void We writhe In & thrive As syllables Wriggle themselves Like worms Down my hide I am an Intangible vapor Rising in The moments That taper While I strive To remain wild Ever the weaver Of my Lexicon So reviled I the deceiver In bile am Soaked To the bone So Hello to ye I am Ever the one Who bestows wit Where none bleeds Known keenly as A Constant Poet So please Won't you Come in & Flutter yourself Down Around my pen Like bees Plummeting To their knees & Breath Deeply these Columns that Breath sweetly This breeze As I sit Sipping The sea Now Good evening To thee

Un retrato de Normy Allí están todas las palabras diciendo tu nombre Y un ángel dormido se despierta a soñar tus ojos Son muchos los lugares donde llegas Normy Y en espejos de luna contemplo tus lugares Eres la poesía que encierra la levedad del tiempo Donde una vez niña saliste a imaginar palabras Alguien encerró tu talle y llenó de besos tus recodos Alguien soltó el idioma del amor entre tus ojos Pasó un tiempo de ventanas donde eras infinita Y lloraste tu corazón como un río interminable Ahora vuelves a hilar los otros sueños que faltaban Y este poeta te canta diciendo que la nieve son tus ojos Y lejano, Normy, inventándo tu retrato Ese que está en tus ojos con los primeros días del año . Para VOS...y encontrado en tus palabras. Y con muchísimo afecto y humildad.. . Diego Diaz

I am a person whom is in complete love with the stars, a true fan of the earth, and a old fashioned romantic with a humble heart of gold.

Voy a escribir un poema de Borges que vien puede aplicarse a mi biografia: Le fue dada la infamia. Dócilmente estudió los delitos de la espada, la ruina de Cartago, la apretada batalla del Oriente y del Poniente. Le fue dado el lenguaje, esa mentira, Le fue dada la carne, que es arcilla, le fue dada la obscena pesadilla y en el cristal el otro, el que nos mira. De los libros que el tiempo ha acumulado le fueron concedidas unas hojas; de Elea, unas contadas paradojas, que el desgaste del tiempo no ha gastado. La erguida sangre del amor humano (la imagen es de un griego) le fue dada por Aquel cuyo nombre es una espada y que dicta las letras a la mano. Otras cosas le dieron y sus nombres: el cubo, la pirámide, la esfera, la innumerable arena, la madera y un cuerpo para andar entre los hombres. Fue digno del sabor de cada día; tal es tu historia, que es también la mía. No me imagino mas perfecta definicion de mi vida.

I am a romantic and enjoy romantic poetry, I as well do enjoy nature as well as many other types of poetry

me gusta la musica con letra profunda, me encanta la poesia soy una persona romantica

vivo en cartagena si desean mas poemas comenten!!!

not much to say im just a bored intj lol

Mi nombre Es yamelys ,soy Cubana desde pequeńa me a interesado el arte de escribir ,soy amante de las letras y bago en un mundo de poesias.

Nació en el año de 1985 en el Dovio, municipio del Valle del Cauca, hijo de Libia Echeverry y James Henao, a sus 11 Años muestra inclinación por la poesía y la literatura, lee Libros de Gabriel Garcia Marques, Patrikc Suscking entre otros y poemas de Dario Jaramillo, Mario Bennedeti que son los mas concurridos. Estudio en un Colegio Publico en su tierra natal y a los 18 años se vino a vivir a Cali. Actualmente trabaja como Diseñador gráfico y artista plástico pero su pasión siempre ha sido la literatura y la poesía.

Simply put, I'm a hopeless romantic who likes to write, take photos, meet people, and go on adventures. I want to see the world and show everyone how it looks through my eyes. Not because they should care or because I'm some sort of celebrity, but I feel I can truly make a difference, whether it be big, small, or somewhere in between.

Quiet Child Wild in Dreams Serious Adult to the extreme Dreams shattered then forgotten I have been failed, thrown out, betrayed and beaten There is nothing much left of me Starting my Life over, at age 50. New Dreams, Old Dreams come back to me Come back to me and I promise I'll keep Follow me at http://dlegendre.hubpages.com/

I began writing poetry this year after reading a lot from the romantic period, and my English teachers told me I have a knack for it so I've been writing whenever I get the urge or just in my free time.

me considero un chavo romántico, detallista, tierno con la persona que este a mi lado, me gusta escribir poemas ya que tengo un motivo por el cual hacer, quiero y amo con todo mi corazón a una linda y hermosa persona

Aspiring Christian author with a book due to come out this year. I love romance and everything that surrounds love. Hopeless romantic, I am...very creative and ambitious. My gift and passion is writing.

Born in a little town in Texas. Going to be seventeen this upcoming April. Along with poetry, I enjoy reading, playing soccer, and running. I'd like to say I'm healthy and happy. I'm really looking forward to sharing my work, I appreciate constructive criticism. I hope you enjoy these poems as much as I do.

I'm no good at biographies but I'll try my best :) <--- 1st fault, don't start a biography intro like this haha. I live in Australia, Queensland, my house is beautiful and my overseas girlfriend Denise is stunning. I enjoy life but find myself often contradicting, stressing, feeling anxious, sad and all that blah, I do however find a way to convince myself I'm sane haha :P My extraordinarily adorable lamb Denise AKA Bubba Goofe :P keeps me company along with my lil' gingerino cat Smurf, who relieves me from freaking out about the dark :P My family has always been social sometimes it's tiring a frustrating and dysfunctional but we're all lovely social butterfly's, probably the reason I like partying and BBQ, plus I'm a nautical garbage bin. I prefer to be alone because I have adapted to being alone for a majority of my life, I'm an only child, but I dislike being so far away from my princess. Being lonely for so long has allowed me to build character and a strong flow from the chaotic right lobe. I enjoy fine, bold and detailed art, I dislike industrial and overly dramatic art (although I'm dramatic myself I would not like to live with myself haha that would be it irritating :P I also enjoy gaming both board games and electronic, I am an avid player of Minecraft, I hate pop music and enjoy folk, hip hop, alternative, 70's rock, Reggae, psychedelic garage, indie rock, Jack Johnson, Queen, The Beatles, Blink 182, Bright Eyes Chance The Rapper, Kendrick Lamar, Darwin Deez, The Jungle Giants, All Day and lot's of indie rock bands, Tribal seeds, Bob Marley (I'm no hipster) Music is important. I like fantasy books, cartoons, Starwars, The Muppets, Adventure Time (oh but everyone like adventure time, Bing Bang Theory, Destroying Noobs :) I also take an interet in meta physics, philosophy and caring for people. My poems are like me spontaneous, created from a small phrase, idea, song, atmosphere, emotion, so I'm more of an observant poet or a sponge :) But I only want to spark exactly what made me create poems, setting a mental scene or state of mind or cluster of thoughts :)

A former athlete/coach. Began writing poetry trying to transition out of sports. Dedicated to my daughter and giving back to my community. I have been involved with every level of sports for 20 years. In working with the youth, my motto is, " I am using sports as a tool to teach life skills."

vivo en cartagena soy soltero

A creative being,who feels most alive in her element.